Beberapa tahun lalu saya menyelesaikan Roman “Jejak Langkah” karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer hanya dalam satu minggu saja. Jejak Langkah adalah salah satu dari seri ketiga dari Tetralogi Pulau Buru; Bumi Manusia, Anak Semua Bangsa, Jejak Langkah, dan Rumah Kaca. Buku tebal yang berjumlah 721 halaman ini membuka pikiran dan wawasan saya mengenai sejarah pergerakan nasional yang begitu rumit, berliku, dan emosional.
Saya sebelumnya tidak mengenal Pram, dan asal-usulnya. Namun sejak membaca novel Jejak Langkah sedari bab pertama, saya merasa novel ini amat sayang kalau tidak saya baca sampai habis. Cerita awal tentang perjalanan Minke yang mempelajari pengetahuan barat dan revolusi Perancis yang sering ia kutip ketika bercakap dengan ibunya, membuat saya heran. Adakah orang seperti Minke di dunia nyata? Bila memang ada sungguh beruntung punya ibu seperti itu, bisa mendengarkan dongeng panjang tentang revolusi Perancis dan menjadi teman diskusi sepanjang hari. Hal yang membuat saya sedih adalah ketika sang ibu berkata pada Minke, “Nak, kenapa kau menjadi kurus seperti ini, apakah kau tidak terurus karena tak punya seorang istri?”
Inilah kalimat yang paling saya suka dalam novel ini. Sejak membaca Jejak Langkah saat itulah saya mulai mengulik siapa sebenarnya Pram, apa saja karyanya, dan pemikiran yang membuatnya menulis cerita sejarah dalam bentuk fiksi.
Jejak Langkah; Kesadaran Minke
Jejak Langkah, pada intinya mengisahkan Minke beserta kawan-kawannya yang mulai mengorganisir rakyat Hindia-Belanda untuk berorganisasi dan membangun kekuatan politik-ekonomi. Lewat organisasi Syarikat Priyayi, yang kemudian berevolusi menjadi Sarekat Dagang Islam (SDI) – membuat rakyat Hindia-Belanda melek terhadap organisasi politik-ekonomi modern yang menuntut Pemerintah untuk tidak sewenang-wenang terhadap negeri jajahan.
Roman ini menjelaskan pergolakan pemikiran Minke dari remaja hingga tumbuh dewasa. Ia tak puas dengan organisasi Budi Utomo yang ia sebut sangat Jawa sentris. Ia juga mengkritik organisasi-organisasi yang tumbuh subur dengan paham kedaerahan di Hindia-Belanda.
Pada saat itu Minke sadar bahwa perjuangan negeri jajahan tidak akan berhasil tanpa organisasi politik modern dan perluasan basis massa dari pelbagai latar belakang sosial-ekonomi. Minke yang berlatar belakang keturunan ningrat, memiliki pemikiran terbuka dan radikal. Ia menolak sistem feodalisme kerajaan, ia menantang adat-istiadat priyayi, dan membuat jalan baru dengan mendirikan surat kabar pertama khusus negeri jajahan dengan bahasa melayu. Baginya perjuangan dengan bahasa sangat penting, dengan Bahasa Jawa orang-orang yang membaca surat kabarnya hanyalah golongan ningrat dan priyayi saja, hal itu akan mempersempit ruang geraknya untuk mengorganisir massa, sementara dengan bahasa melayu yang dipakai rakyat Hindia-Belanda untuk bercakap, maka akan memperluas massa dan ruang gerak politik untuk memainkan isu dari surat kabarnya.
SDI yang beranggotakan puluhan ribu orang dengan komite di tiap-tiap Kabupaten dan Kota, dari Jawa, Sumatera, dan Kalimantan. Hal ini tentunya membuat Pemerintah Hindia-Belanda khawatir. Pertumbuhan keanggotaan yang pesat, dan antusiasme rakyat untuk berorganisasi, membuat SDI adalah satu-satunya organisasi politik-ekonomi terbesar di Hindia Belanda.
Dari pedagang, saudagar kaya, kaum priyayi, hingga buruh kereta api bersatu padu membangun organisasi tanpa embel-embel feodalisme dan paham kedaerahan. Meskipun masih membawa corak keagamaan tertentu, SDI berkembang cepat di banyak daerah dan memiliki basis massa yang kuat di akar rumput. SDI bisa saja menciptakan revolusi sosial di tanah Hindia-Belanda apabila tidak ada rintangan dari dalam tubuh organisasi itu sendiri.
Di novel ini saya berkesimpulan bahwa, SDI adalah organisasi modern pertama yang secara sadar ingin menentang kekuasaan Pemerintah Kolonial.
Peristiwa Revolusi Rusia yang di pimpin V.I Lenin dan Revolusi Tiongkok yang di pimpin oleh Sun Yat Sen pada abad ke 19, menyadarkan Minke. Bahwa dengan organisasi politik modern – dengan meniadakan paham kedaerahan dan Jawa Sentrisme adalah hal mutlak yang harus dilakukan kaum pergerakan Hindia-Belanda. Ia mendapatkan pelajaran yang berharga dari Sun Yat sen dan organisasi nasionalisnya, yang telah berhasil menyingkirkan kaum penjajah Inggris dengan pertempuran-pertempuran militer dan diplomasi politik.
Belajar dari Tiongkok
Tiongkok adalah bangsa Asia pertama yang mampu mengalahkan bangsa Eropa. Kaum pergerakan Tiongkok sadar, bahwa menghamba kepada politik dinasti kerajaan hanya akan membawa mereka pada penindasan yang tak ada habisnya. Para kaum revolusioner ini menggalang dukungan dari pedagang Tiongkok perantauan dari segala penjuru dunia, dan kaum intelektual dalam negeri yang mampu menjadi juru selamat bagi revolusi.
Tiongkok telah mematahkan mitos yang dibawa oleh bangsa Eropa, bahwa bangsa Eropa lebih unggul ketimbang ketimbang bangsa Asia. Bahwa selayaknya orang Asia yang identik dengan klenik, mitos, mistisisme, dan bar-bar harus diajarkan rasionalitas dan humanisme barat yang modern. Sun Yat Sen dan Organisasi nasionalisnya telah mematahkan praduga barat, Revolusi Tiongkok menjadi contoh bagi negari jajahan di Asia untuk mengikuti jalannya.
Jejak Langkah juga menceritakan bagaimana para kaum pergerakan Tingkok di Hindia-Belanda, membangun organisasi kemerdekaan juga menyokong dana bagi revolusi Tiongkok. Perasaan tertindas, dan senasib dengan saudara-saudara di daratan yang sedang dirampas haknya oleh kaum penjajah dan dinasti kerajaan, membuat Minke heran, bagaimana bisa orang yang terpisah begitu jauhnya dari tanah air memiliki perasaan keterikatan semacam itu. Ia baru sadar bahwa kaum pergerakan Tiongkok mempunyai jaringan organisasi dari penjuru negeri termasuk di Hindia-Belanda.
Nasionalisme dan Perjuangan Lewat Tulisan
Dari situlah Minke mengenal apa itu arti nasionalisme! Hal itu tak akan pernah terjadi di bumi Jawa yang rajanya tunduk pada kekuasaan pemerintah Hindia-Belanda, dan kaum terdidiknya hanya ingin menjadi juru ketika serta elit yang sama rakusnya dengan negeri penjajah. Minke semakin radikal, surat kabarnya memberitakan peristiwa pemogokan massal buruh di pabrik-pabrik Hindia-Belanda kepada para pembaca. Jumlah oplah surat kabarnya diperbanyak dan disebarkan di pelosok negeri. Dengan pemberitaan-pemberitaan seperti itu, Gubernur Jenderal pun sering memanggilnya ke istana Bogor untuk menasehati agar ia jangan terlalu vulgar dalam melawan penguasa.
Saat saya membaca bab terakhir novel ini saya mengerti apa yang dirasakan oleh Minke! Ia dipenjara oleh penguasa Hindia-Belanda karena kecorobohan staf redaksinya yang vulgar mengkritik kebiadaban moral penguasa. Setelah bertahun-tahun ia membangun organisasi SDI yang beranggotakan ribuan orang harus ditinggalkan, serta nasib surat kabarnya yang tersebar di segala penjuru harus di bredel. Itu adalah kiamat bagi perjuangannya.
Perpecahan ditubuh organisasi kian menajam, Haji Samanhudi yang memegang kepemimpinan organisasi tak becus mengurus massa, dan lebih menyukai berbisnis ketimbang berpolitik. Penggantinya Tjokroaminoto lebih moderat dan menjadi anak emas penguasa. Organisasi berantakan, pimpinan muda Semaun yang sangat kiri pun gegabah melancarkan perlawanan terhadap kubu Tjokro dan Penguasa Hindia-Belanda, maka hancurlah sudah SDI! Pupuslah mimpi Revolusi Rusia dan Revolusi Tiongkok dibenak Minke, itu hanyalah angan yang terlalu jauh.
Begitu banyak cerita dari romantisme cinta, pergolakan organisasi, dan pemikiran anak muda. Sisi lain dari roman ini, saya mendapatkan pengetahuan baru yang tidak saya pelajari di bangku sekolah maupun perguruan tinggi, yaitu cerita mengenai kemerosotoan moral-sosial feodalisme dan dekadensi penguasa Jawa yang akut.
Judul: Jejak Langkah
Penulis: Pramoedya Ananta Toer
Penerbit: Hasta Mitra
Genre: Fiksi Roman
***
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